Lobov made his professional MMA debut with European promotion Cage Warriors in November 2010. He lost his pro debut to Patrick Vickers via unanimous decision. Prior to his appearance on The Ultimate Fighter, he held a professional record of 11–10–1 with one no contest. A natural featherweight competitor, he also competed at lightweight and welterweight.

Lobov faced Chechen Rasul Shovhalov on January 31, 2015 at the ACB 13. He won the fight by submission in the second round.

Lobov faced Ryan Hall on December 11, 2015 at The Ultimate Fighter 22 Finale. Hall defeated Lobov by unanimous decision.

Lobov next faced Alex White on February 6, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 82. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.

Lobov faced Teruto Ishihara on November 19, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 99. He won the fight via unanimous decision (30–27, 30–27, and 29–28).

Lobov faced Cub Swanson on April 22, 2017 in the main event at UFC Fight Night 108. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Both participants were awarded Fight of the Night for their performances.

Lobov faced Andre Fili on October 21, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 118. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.

Lobov was initially scheduled to face Alex Caceres on April 7, 2018 at UFC 223, but was removed from the card for his role in the Team SBG bus assault.

Lobov was scheduled to face Zubaira Tukhugov on October 27, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 138. However, it was reported that Tukhugov was removed from the fight due his role in the UFC 229 post-fight melee, and he was replaced by Michael Johnson. At weight-ins, Johnson weighed in at 147 pounds, one pound over the featherweight limit of 146 pounds. As a result, the fight proceeded at a catchweight bout and Johnson forfeited 20% of his purse to Lobov, which Lobov later returned. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.

On January 29, 2019, it was reported that Lobov was released from UFC.

Shortly after his UFC release, it was announced that Lobov signed a three-fight contract with Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship (BKFC), with a clause to be able to compete in MMA also. He faced Jason Knight in the main event of Bare Knuckle FC 5 on April 6, 2019. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

Lobov’s next fight was against Paulie Malignaggi, with whom he had a physical altercation during the BKFC media day before his bout with Knight. Malignaggi has history with Lobov’s training partner, Conor McGregor, and the bout between Lobov and Malignaggi was billed to be a “grudge match” and took place at BKFC 6 on June 22, 2019. Lobov won the fight via unanimous decision. After a consensus strong opening two rounds for Malignaggi, Lobov utilized forward pressure and volume to win in rounds three through five, earning a 48–47 on all three judges scorecards.

Lobov faced Jason Knight in a rematch headlining Bare Knuckle FC 9 on November 16, 2019. Knight won by knockout in the fifth and final round.

On September 12, 2020, it was announced that Lobov had signed a one-fight contract with Arena Fight Championship. He is expected to make his promotional debut against Ylies Djiroun on December 12, 2020.