Ahead of the 2010 season, Uchida's performance continued to attract interests from European clubs. Amid to the transfer move, he helped the side win the Japanese Super Cup after beating Gamba Osaka 5–3 on penalty shootout following the match being played throughout 120 minutes. At the start of the 2010 season, Uchida continued to feature in the first team in the right–back position for the side, as the club continued to remain in a good form. On 30 March 2010, he scored his first goal of the season, in a 3–1 win over Persipura Jayapura. After suffering a knee injury, he made his return from injury on 5 May 2010, in a 2–1 loss against Cerezo Osaka, in what turns out to be his last league appearance for the club. His last appearance for the club came on 12 May 2010, in a 1–0 loss against Pohang Steelers. By the time he departed from Kashima Antlers, Uchida went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring once in all competitions.
On 13 June 2010, German club Schalke 04 announced that they had signed the Japanese international to a three-year contract for €1.3 million. It came after when they sold Rafinha to Genoa.
Uchida made his Schalke 04 debut, where he played the whole game, in a 2–0 loss against Bayern Munich in the DFL-Supercup. Soon after, Uchida made his league debut for the club in the opening game of the season, coming on as a second–half substitute for Joël Matip, in a 2–1 loss against Hamburger SV. After being absent out from the first team, due to injury in September, he returned to the first team on 25 September 2010, in a 2–2 draw against Borussia Mönchengladbach. After returning to the first team, Manager Felix Magath commented on Uchida's performance, saying: "He still lacks physical robustness, but he sets the best accents forward." Four days later, on 29 September 2010, he made his Champions League debut for the club, starting the whole game, in a 2–0 win over Benfica. After missing one match, Uchida made his return to the starting line-up in the right–back position against Stuttgart on 16 October 2010 and the match resulted in a 2–2 draw. He then helped the club's defence by keeping three clean sheets in a row between 4 December 2010 and 18 December 2010. After missing out throughout January, due to international commitment for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup, Uchida made his return to the starting line-up against Borussia Dortmund on 4 February 2011 and helped the club's defence kept a clean sheet, in a 0–0 draw. This was followed up by helping the club another clean sheet, in a 1–0 win against SC Freiburg. Following a 2–1 win against Eintracht Frankfurt on 12 March 2011, Uchida wore a shirt which in response to the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, saying: "Dear friends in Japan. Hoping that many lives will be saved. Let's stand together. This misfortune is very, very close to me. I keep in touch with Japan." Since returning to the first team, he managed to regained his first team place in the right–back position for the rest of the season. On 13 April 2011, Uchida became the first Japanese footballer to play for a team that reached the semi-finals of the Champion's League. Despite the club did not reach the final, Uchida came on as a late second–half substitute for Peer Kluge, as the club beat MSV Duisburg 5–0 in the DFB-Pokal Final. In his first season at Schalke 04, Uchida went on to make the total of 43 appearances in all competitions.
In February 2010, Uchida was called up to the national squad for the East Asian Football Championship. He helped the side kept two clean sheets in the first two matches. However, Japan's loss to South Korea in Matchday 3 meant that Japan finished third place in the tournament. Uchida was a member of the Japan team for the 2010 World Cup squad, being called up in May 2010. However, Uchida appeared as a substitute bench for all the World Cup matches, as he failed to dispatch a right–back place from Yūichi Komano. After the tournament, Uchida said he was disappointed in himself for not playing in the World Cup and hope his move to Schalke 04 would make him a better player.
In December 2010, Uchida was called up for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar. He played all the first three matches in the tournament and helped Japan reached the knockout stage. However, Uchida was suspended for the quarter–final against Qatar after being booked two times on different occasions. He returned to the starting line-up, playing against South Korea in the semi–finals and played the whole game, as Japan beat the opposition team 3–2 in the penalty shoot–out following the match being played for 120 minutes, in a 2–2 draw. In the AFC Asian Cup Final against Australia, Uchida started and played 120 minutes, as they beat the Socceroos 1–0 to win the AFC Asian Cup, thanks to Tadanari Lee. Later in the year, he helped Japan kept three clean sheets in three Japan's matches between 7 June 2011 and 2 September 2011.