Marlohe first appeared in 2007 in a French short film titled La discordance before appearing in French TV series such as Pas de secrets entre nous (2008), Femmes de loi (2008), R.I.S, police scientifique (2009), and Père et maire (2009). She appeared twice in the French crime series R.I.S, police scientifique, once in 2009 and once in 2012. In 2012 she played the date of Laurent, played by Maurice Barthélémy, in Happiness Never Comes Alone.

She is best known for her role as Bond girl Sévérine in 2012’s twenty-third James Bond film Skyfall. A strong believer in fate, she stated that she dreamt of acting alongside Javier Bardem six months before her Bond audition, and that after the dream, she knew everything would be fine. It was not until the second audition for Skyfall that she learned Bardem might also be cast. She starred in the 2015 film 5 to 7 and appeared in the 2017 film Song to Song alongside Ryan Gosling, Natalie Portman, and Rooney Mara.