Van Haltren was born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1866. In 1868, his family moved to Oakland, California. Van Haltren played baseball as a child and became a pitcher. His play attracted the attention of the major leagues, and in 1887, he signed with the Chicago White Stockings.

Van Haltren made his major league debut in June 1887. He was a pitcher and outfielder that season and had a win–loss record of 11–7 and a batting average of .203. The following year, he went 13–13 and batted .283. As a full-time left fielder in 1889, Van Haltren batted .322 with 126 runs scored and 81 runs batted in. He then signed with the Brooklyn Ward’s Wonders of the Players’ League and pitched and played right field for them. He went 15–10 and batted .335. After the 1890 season, Van Haltren joined the American Association’s Baltimore Orioles. He played at shortstop and fielded poorly, but he batted .318. In 1892, Van Haltren became the player-manager of the National League’s Baltimore club. He managed the team to a 1–10 record before being replaced. Late in the season, he was sent to Pittsburgh in exchange for Joe Kelley and $2,000. He batted .293 that year. In 1893, he batted .338 and scored 129 runs in 124 games.

In 1889, Van Haltren married Blanche O’Brien. They had two daughters, Mary Elizabeth (born in 1890) and Dorothy (born in 1895). Van Haltren died in Oakland in 1945.

In November 1893, Van Haltren was sold to the New York Giants for $2,500. He became the Giants’ center fielder and batted .331 with 109 runs scored and a career-high 105 runs batted in. He also helped the team win the 1894 Temple Cup. Van Haltren then batted over .300 every year from 1895 to 1901. During that time, he led the NL in triples once, stolen bases once, and outfield assists three times. According to Bill James, he had the best outfield throwing arm of the 1890s. In May 1902, Van Haltren broke his ankle, and the injury ended his season. He hit .257 the following year and was released by the Giants. In his 17-year major league career, he batted .316 with 2,544 hits, 1,642 runs scored, and 583 stolen bases.

Van Haltren returned to Oakland. In 1904, he became the center fielder and manager of the Pacific Coast League’s Seattle Siwashes. He batted .270 in 933 at bats. The following season, Van Haltren became the center fielder and manager of the Oakland Oaks. He stayed with the Oaks through the middle of the 1909 season.