Jamie was born in Duluth, Minnesota, in 1975; the family lived in Moose Lake, Minnesota, at the time. When he was one, the family moved for a short time to Moorhead before moving to International Falls in 1979. Langenbrunner was well into his skating career by age five. They moved to Cloquet in 1985.

After scoring 148 points in 70 games during his freshmen, sophomore and junior years in high school and leading the Lumberjacks to back-to-back State Tournament appearances, Langenbrunner was named the AP’s Minnesota High School Hockey Player of the Year. Following a spectacular State Tournament performance, Langenbrunner was drafted out of Cloquet 35th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the Dallas Stars.

Langenbrunner made his NHL debut on April 9, 1995, skating with Dallas in a game against the St. Louis Blues, but he did not become an NHL regular until the 1996–97 season, when he played 76 games and scored 39 points playing on the left wing. For his strong first-year efforts, he was named a candidate for the Calder Memorial Trophy, given annually to the NHL’s Rookie of the Year. Langenbrunner, however, was ultimately edged-out by Bryan Berard of the New York Islanders for the honor.

On March 19, 2002, Langenbrunner was traded with Joe Nieuwendyk to the New Jersey Devils for Jason Arnott, Randy McKay and a first-round draft pick. The next season, in 2002–03, Langenbrunner had a then career-best 22 goals and 33 assists for 55 points in 78 games for the Devils. He continued his scoring numbers in the playoffs, leading the league in goals (11) and points (18) en route to his second Stanley Cup in a 4–3 series victory versus the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.

On July 1, 2006, signed a five-year, $14 million contract extension with the Devils worth an annual average of $2.8 million.

During the 2006–07 season, Langenbrunner scored a career-best 60 points, where he also played in all 82 games that season, scoring 23 goals and adding 37 assists (both career bests). In the 2007 playoffs, Langenbrunner again played well, scoring eight points in 11 games before losing to the Stanley Cup Finals-bound Ottawa Senators.

On December 5, 2007, Langenbrunner was named captain of the New Jersey Devils. That year, however, Langenbrunner missed nearly 20 games to a groin injury and his stats dipped as he scored 41 points in 64 games. In the playoffs, the Devils lost in the first round to the New York Rangers 4–1, though Langenbrunner played well, scoring four points in the short series.

In January 2009, Langenbrunner scored two goals in each of three consecutive games, including three game winners for the Devils. Two of those game-winning goals were scored in overtime. His streak of three consecutive multi-goal games with a game-winning goal was last accomplished by Wayne Gretzky during the 1981–82 season. Langenbrunner played extremely well in the second half of the season and went on to set career highs in goals (29) assists (40) points (69) and plus-minus rating (+25). Langenbrunner, along with fellow linemates Zach Parise and Travis Zajac, all had remarkable seasons, as the line combined for 94 goals and 131 assists for a total of 225 points as well as having a combined plus-minus of +88.

On January 2, 2010, Langenbrunner scored the first hat-trick of his career while playing against the Minnesota Wild in his home state of Minnesota.

On January 7, 2011, Langenbrunner was traded to the Dallas Stars for a conditional third-round pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. The pick would become a second-round pick if the Stars either win a playoff round or re-sign Langenbrunner before the draft. Langenbrunner would score his first goal in his return as a Star in his 1,000th career game, which was against the Los Angeles Kings on January 17, 2011.

Langenbrunner signed a one-year contract as a free agent with the St. Louis Blues on July 6, 2011, joining former Devils teammate Jason Arnott. In his first season with the Blues, in 2011–12, Langenbrunner added depth to the team and was used primarily as a checking line forward, scoring six goals and 24 points in 70 games. He was re-signed to a one-year extension with St. Louis on July 10, 2012.

In the lockout-shortened 2012–13 campaign, Langenbrunner participated in only four games with the Blues, posting one assist before an ongoing torn labrum in his left hip required season-ending surgery on February 9, 2013.

On January 15, 2014, Langenbrunner announced his retirement after 16 seasons in the NHL. He joined the Boston Bruins on September 12, 2015, as the team’s player development coach.

Langenbrunner married his high school sweetheart, Elizabeth, and together they have three children: daughter Laine (born 1998), and sons Landon (born 2000) and Mason (born 2002). Mason was drafted 151st overall in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft by the Boston Bruins. While with the Devils, Langenbrunner lived in North Caldwell, New Jersey. Langenbrunner and his family live in his home state of Minnesota.