On November 22, against Iowa at Kinnick Stadium, Gordon rushed for 200 yards and had four receptions for 64 yards, leading the team in both categories. Gordon went over 2,000 yards rushing for the season, only the 17th player in FBS history to do so. He reached the 2,000 yard mark faster than any of his predecessors, on just 241 carries. The previous holder for fastest 2,000 yards was Penn State running back Larry Johnson who accomplished the feat on 251 carries in 2002. However, Gordon’s single game rushing record was broken by Oklahoma running back Samaje Perine, who gained 427 yards in a game against Kansas. When Gordon learned that his record had been broken after only one week, he commented: “That’s disappointing, to have that. But congrats to that guy; that’s really not easy to do.” Gordon was named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week for the third time this season as a result of his performance at Kinnick Stadium.

As a freshman in 2011, Gordon played in three games rushing 20 times for 98 yards with a touchdown. He rushed for his first career collegiate touchdown in the 59–10 victory over South Dakota on September 24. He was given a medical redshirt after suffering a groin injury.

In 2012, Gordon was the third string running back behind Montee Ball and James White. He set a career-high record of 216 yards on nine carries averaging 24 yards per carry in the 2012 Big Ten Football Championship Game against the Nebraska Cornhuskers where the unranked Badgers defeated the #12 Cornhuskers by a score of 70–31. During the 2013 Rose Bowl, he had nine carries for 51 yards against #6 Stanford but ultimately the unranked Badgers lost by a score of 20–14.

Prior to the season, Gordon was widely viewed as a Heisman Trophy contender. He was also on preseason watchlists for the Maxwell Award, Doak Walker Award, and Walter Camp Award. 2014 was the first year where Gordon was Wisconsin’s featured running back; in 2012, he was behind both Montee Ball and James White, and 2013 he was behind James White with Corey Clement as the third string running back after Gordon.

On November 14, Gordon was named one of the ten semifinalists for the 2013 Doak Walker Award. In December 2013, Gordon announced after much speculation that he would be returning to Wisconsin for his junior season. In explaining his decision, Gordon stated that,”I love the University of Wisconsin and feel that there is still a lot of room for growth…academically, another year in school will help me get closer to completing my degree, and on the field I hope to help my team get back the Big Ten championship.” In the 2013 season, Gordon recorded 1,609 rushing yards with 12 touchdowns.

Gordon was born and raised in Kenosha, Wisconsin and attended Mary D. Bradford High School in Kenosha, Wisconsin, where he was a two-sport star for the Red Devils in both football and track. In football, he tallied 1,098 yards and 11 scores on 99 carries, and had five receiving touchdowns, and was an honorable mention All-state and All-region by the Wisconsin Football Coaches Association (WFCA) as a junior. He was a first-team All-state selection by the Associated Press and the WFCA as a senior, after he rushed for 2,009 yards with 38 touchdowns. He was the Wisconsin Gatorade Football Player of the Year. Gordon’s played on the same team as cornerback Trae Waynes, who was drafted four spots ahead of Gordon in the 2015 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings.

At the 2015 NFL Combine, Gordon set a new record for the 60-yard shuttle with 11.0 seconds. However, the record was then broken by Byron Jones who had a time of 10.98 seconds.

On May 15, 2015, the Chargers signed Gordon to a four-year, fully guaranteed contract for $10.66 million, with a $6 million signing bonus. The contract included a fifth-year option.

Gordon began his professional career being named the starting running back for the Chargers’ season opener, ahead of veterans Danny Woodhead and Branden Oliver. On September 13, 2015, he received his first career start against the Detroit Lions and finished the season opener with 14 carries, 51 rushing yards, three receptions, 16 receiving yards, and lost a fumble. The next week, he carried the ball 16 times for a season-high 88 yards and made a 10-yard reception in a 24–19 loss at the Cincinnati Bengals. On October 12, 2015, Gordon had seven catches for a season-high 52 yards and also accounted for 42 yards on 15 carries in a 20–24 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers. During a Week 6 matchup at the Green Bay Packers, he had seven attempts for 29 yards and lost two fumbles in a 20–27 loss. After six consecutive starts to begin his career, Gordon was benched for the beginning of a Week 7 contest against the Oakland Raiders. He finished the game with seven carries for 29 yards. Gordon returned to his starting role the next game at the Baltimore Ravens and carried the ball a season-high 18 times for 54 yards in a 26–29 loss. In his last game of the season, he had 15 rushing attempts and 41-yards in a 30–14 victory over the Miami Dolphins.

On December 21, 2015, the Chargers placed Gordon on season-ending injured reserve after sustaining a knee injury the previous day against the Miami Dolphins. He finished his rookie season with 184 carries, 641 rushing yards, 33 receptions, 192 receiving yards, six fumbles, and no touchdowns in 14 games and 12 starts.

On May 10, 2016, it was revealed that Gordon had undergone microfracture surgery in January, but would still be ready for training camp and other activities starting in 2016. On September 11, 2016, Gordon scored his first two career rushing touchdowns in the season opener against the Kansas City Chiefs in an overtime loss. He finished the game with 14 carries for 57 yards. After Danny Woodhead tore his ACL in Week 2 and was out for the season, Gordon became the Chargers’ top running back for the 2016 season. In Week 2, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he finished with 24 carries for 102 yards and a touchdown. In the next game against the Indianapolis Colts, he was limited to only 35 rushing yards, but he also recorded his fourth rushing touchdown of the season. In the next game, against the New Orleans Saints, he finished with only 36 rushing yards but had two more rushing touchdowns. After the next two games without a rushing touchdown, he recorded 68 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns against the Atlanta Falcons. In the next game, in a matchup against the Denver Broncos, he finished with 23 carries for 111 yards. In Week 9, against the Tennessee Titans, he had his best game of the season with 32 carries for 196 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown while adding 65 receiving yards. Over his last four appearances of the regular season, he totaled 229 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown before being injured. He finished the season rushing for 997 yards and 10 touchdowns to go along with 41 receptions for 419 yards and two touchdowns. Gordon missed the final three games of the season after suffering hip and knee injuries, finishing just three yards shy of 1,000 yards rushing. Gordon was named to his first Pro Bowl as a replacement for injured Pittsburgh Steelers running back Le’Veon Bell.

On September 11, 2017, in the season opener against the Denver Broncos on Monday Night Football, Gordon returned from his injury and had 18 carries for 51 yards and five receptions for 25 yards and a touchdown from quarterback Philip Rivers. In Weeks 2 and 3, he recorded a rushing touchdown in both games. In Week 5, Gordon ran for 105 yards on 20 carries and had six catches for 58 yards and two touchdowns in a 27–22 win over the New York Giants, earning him AFC Offensive Player of the Week. In the next game, against the Oakland Raiders, he recorded 83 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, 67 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown. On October 29, against the New England Patriots, he had an 87-yard rushing touchdown in the first quarter. He finished with 132 rushing yards and a touchdown in the 21–13 loss. From Weeks 14–16, he had a rushing touchdown in three straight games. Overall, in the 2017 season, Gordon finished with 1,105 rushing yards, eight rushing touchdowns, 58 receptions, 476 receiving yards, and four receiving touchdowns.

On May 2, 2018, the Chargers picked up the fifth-year option on Gordon’s contract. In the 2018 season opener against the Kansas City Chiefs, Gordon recorded 64 rushing yards to go along with nine receptions for 102 receiving yards. In Week 2, against the Buffalo Bills, he had three total touchdowns (one rushing and two receiving) in the 31–20 victory. In Week 4, against the San Francisco 49ers, he had 104 rushing yards, 55 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown in the victory. In Week 6, against the Cleveland Browns, he had 132 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns in the victory. In Week 9, against the Seattle Seahawks, he had 113 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown. In Week 10 against the Oakland Raiders, Gordon rushed for 93 yards and had five catches for 72 yards and a touchdown in the 20–6 victory. In the following game against the Denver Broncos, he totaled 156 scrimmage yards in the 23–22 loss. In Week 12, against the Arizona Cardinals, he suffered an MCL injury and was sidelined for the next game against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He returned to playing in Week 16 against the Baltimore Ravens. Overall, he finished the 2018 regular season with 885 rushing yards, ten rushing touchdowns, 50 receptions, 590 receiving yards, and four receiving touchdowns. The Chargers made the playoffs as the #5-seed in the AFC. In the Wild Card Round against the Baltimore Ravens, he had 40 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in his playoff debut, a 23–17 victory. In the Divisional Round against the New England Patriots, he was limited to 15 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown on nine carries in the 41–28 loss.

In February 2019, Gordon changed his jersey number from 28 to 25. He wore 25 throughout his collegiate career with the Wisconsin Badgers.

On July 13, 2019, Gordon told the Chargers that if he did not receive a new contract, he would demand to be traded and skip training camp. His goal in staging a holdout was to make as much money as fellow running backs Todd Gurley, David Johnson, and Le’Veon Bell. Gordon stated that “I know my value. I know what I bring to this team, and I’m sticking with that.” Through four seasons, he had 3,628 rushing yards and 1,577 receiving yards along with 38 total touchdowns. On July 16, 2019, Gordon stated that “I want to end up with the Chargers, I mean, that’s my home. I’m not going to sit here and be like, I don’t want to go back to the Chargers. That’s the team who blessed me with an opportunity. They changed my life. Out of all 32 teams, that was the team that called. I can’t forget them for that.” Gordon continued his holdout into the regular season after the Chargers did not trade him and Ezekiel Elliott was made the NFL’s highest-paid running back. He reported to the team on September 26, 2019, and the Chargers received a roster exemption for him.

Gordon made his 2019 regular season debut with 12 carries for 31 rushing yards in a 20–13 loss to the Denver Broncos in Week 5. On October 20, 2019, in Week 7 against the Tennessee Titans, the Chargers had driven down the field to Tennessee’s one-yard line and had a chance to score late in the fourth quarter. The Chargers had run with Gordon on first down for no gain as his knee was down before he lost and regained control of the ball on the goal-line. On 2nd down, the Chargers again ran the ball with Gordon where Titans’ linebacker Wesley Woodyard forced him to fumble the ball into the endzone which was recovered by defensive end Jurrell Casey leading to a Titans’ recovery and touchback. If Gordon had scored the Chargers would have taken the lead with only seven seconds remaining, effectively ensuring a Charger victory. The fumble was the second of the day for Gordon as the Chargers lost 23–20 to fall to a 2–5 record on the season. In Week 8 against the Chicago Bears, Gordon rushed eight times for 31 yards and his first rushing touchdown of the season in the 17–16 win. In Week 9 against the Green Bay Packers, Gordon rushed 20 times for 80 yards and two touchdowns in the 26–11 win. In Week 10 against the Oakland Raiders, Gordon rushed 22 times for 108 yards and a touchdown and caught one pass for 25 yards in the 26–24 loss. This was Gordon’s first game with at least 100 rushing yards of the season. In Week 16, against the Oakland Raiders, he was limited to 15 rushing yards, but scored on the ground twice in the 24–17 loss. Overall, in the 2019 season, Gordon finished with 612 rushing yards and eight rushing touchdowns to go along with 42 receptions for 296 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. Gordon became a free agent after the 2019 season ended.

On March 26, 2020, Gordon signed a two-year, $16 million contract with the Denver Broncos. The signing became official on April 27, 2020.

Gordon was arrested in Denver for speeding and DUI on October 14, 2020. He posted a $55,000 cash bond.