Kurz was brought up in Meidling, the 12th district of Vienna, where he still lives. He obtained his Matura certificate in 2004, completed compulsory military service in 2005, and began studying law at the University of Vienna the same year. Later, he dropped out of university and focused on his political career.

Kurz had been a member of the Young People’s Party (JVP) since 2003 and was sponsored by Markus Figl. From 2008 to 2012, he was chairman of the JVP for Vienna. During his chairmanship, he led the youth campaign of the People’s Party in the 2010 Viennese state election and coined the campaign’s controversial electoral slogan Schwarz macht geil (“Black Makes Cool”), a play on the official party colour as well as the colloquial term geil which literally means “horny”. While campaigning, he commissioned that a black-painted car termed the Geilomobil (“cool/horny automobile”) be driven through Vienna. In 2009, Kurz was elected federal chairman of the JVP at a party convention, where he received 99 percent of the vote; five years later he was reelected with 100 percent of the vote. In 2017, he handed over the office of federal chair to Austrian attorney Stefan Schnöll. From 2009 to 2016, Kurz additionally served as a deputy chair of the People’s Party in Vienna. From 2010 to 2011, he was a member of the Viennese State and Municipality Diet, where he focused on equality for all generations and ensuring fair pensions, before being nominated as state secretary of the Interior Ministry for integration in June 2011, ensuing a reshuffle of the first Faymann cabinet. Following the 2013 Austrian legislative election – in which he had won the most direct votes of any candidate – he briefly served as a member of the National Council. In December 2013, Kurz resigned his parliamentary seat to become the country’s youngest foreign minister at the age of 27.

Kurz considered a healthy and continued dialogue between government and the religious communities to be a pivotal part for social integration. During the first months in his new capacity as state secretary of the Interior for integration, Kurz suggested several changes, such as a second mandatory kindergarten year for children with insufficient language skills. In 2011, the Integration State Secretariat co-founded a campaign called “Zusammen:Österreich” (“Together:Austria”) along with the Austrian Integration Fund and the Ministry of Education. The campaign sought to familiarise immigrants with the Austrian landscape and culture as well as to convey values such as religious freedom and democracy. The campaign sent so-called “integration ambassadors” to schools, so to discuss the identification of migrants with the Republic of Austria.

In 2013, Kurz co-sponsored a proposed amendment to the Austrian citizenship law.

Following the 2013 legislative election, Kurz took over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from Michael Spindelegger. In March 2014, his ministry’s jurisdiction was expanded and was additionally vested with matters of integration. Kurz denoted Western Balkans relations to be one of his top priorities, which is why his first foreign visit as minister was to Croatia. Good relations with Israel is very important to him “for historical reasons” and for a positive cooperation with the Jewish community in the field of integration.

During a visit to Belgrade on 26 February 2014, he reaffirmed Austria’s continued support for the accession of Serbia into the European Union, also because of Austrian economic and political interests. Together with Serbian Prime Minister Aleksandar Vučić, he talked about the future of Bosnia and Austrian-Serbian relations in a historical context.

In November 2014, he presented the “#stolzdrauf” campaign, with the stated goal of encouraging people to show pride for Austria on social media. The campaign drew controversy when users promoted athlete David Alaba. Supporters of the campaign included celebrities such as the former Miss Austria Amina Dagi, and musician Andreas Gabalier, according to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Also involved were President Heinz Fischer, the Austrian Airlines, the Jewish Community and the Islamic Religious Community. According to the FAZ report, the left-wing would consider Andreas Gabalier “provocative” for omitting women from the national anthem, while the right would be “disturbed” that a hijabi woman or a Tschusch was considered a true Austrian. The alt-right identitarian movement therefore disrupted the press conference on the presentation of the campaign. Also heavily criticized was the amount of money invested in the promotion of the campaign by the Foreign Ministry which amounted to €326,029 and €120,000 in five to six weeks, of which 55% flowed into newspaper advertisement of boulevard or free newspapers.

Following the City of Vienna’s rejection to commission Ednan Aslan with a research project on Islamic kindergartens in 2014, the Ministry of Integration commissioned Aslan himself. The preliminary study, published at the end of 2015, came to the conclusion that Salafist tendencies were emerging and that the spread of Islamist ideologies was observable. Following this alarming study, the City of Vienna and the Ministry of Integration agreed to conduct a comprehensive scientific study on that matter. In addition, the city of Vienna increasingly started to review these kindergartens. In June 2017, Kurz demanded to having Islamic kindergartens closed in general, as they had isolated themselves linguistically and culturally from the main society. After Falter had accused the Integration department of the Ministry of having changed “content and not only formatting” of the preliminary study, a tangible controversy emerged. Aslan then pointed out that he supported the published study. A review of the study was initiated by the University of Vienna.

Already during the chairmanship of Reinhold Mitterlehner, many rumours arose within the media and the party itself, speculating that it would be more and more likely for Kurz to takeover the party before the 2017 legislative election and to run as the top candidate of his party in that election. In 2014, the daily newspaper Kurier already speculated on a possible top candidacy of Kurz for the next election. On 10 May 2017, Mitterlehner announced his resignation as Minister, Vice-Chancellor and ultimately as party leader. Following Mitterlehner’s withdrawal from politics, the party executive board nominated Kurz as the new chairman on 14 May that year. However, he declined to succeed Mitterlehner as Vice-Chancellor. Before his official election to the chairmanship, Kurz presented seven requirements to the executive board which were partially already agreed upon before his nomination, some were even enshrined by statute. Unofficially assented changes were a request of the chairmen to be granted veto powers against federal nominees of state organisations and to obtain the prerogative to appoint federal nominees at their discretion. The newspaper Falter reported that Kurz had already “pre-felt” if corporate donors would financially support his election campaign before assuming the chairmanship as apparently several millions of Euros have already been informally promised in donations.

Following Kurz’s first official visit to Berlin, the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung found him “highly eloquent”, “succinct” and “everything but sheepish”, and even quoted those calling him the “young Metternich”. In December 2014, the German Press Agency praised Kurz as one of “seven winners on the political world stage 2014”.

Anna von Bayern of the Focus magazine wrote “one truly notices the new self-confidence of the Foreign Ministry, Kurz endowed it with new relevance”. Vienna had become a “place of dialogue”, first with the Ukraine summit in 2014 and later with the negotiations on the nuclear deal with Iran. In autumn 2015, the Syria discussions began in Vienna. In March 2016, Franz Schandl described Kurz in an article of Der Freitag newspaper as someone who draws a “friendly face”. However, his substantive differences with his right-wing populist competitors were said to be only “marginal”. In 2017, the U.S. magazine Time listed Kurz as one of ten “Next Generation Leaders”. The “statesman of the new kind” has found a way to deal with the refugee crisis. The “pragmatic way” worked out and was adopted by other European politicians. Die Welt described Kurz as a “conservative-liberal, European-minded politician”, whose rise to power in many ways resembled that of President Emmanuel Macron. The closure of the Balkan route had been a diplomatic feat. The Neue Zürcher Zeitung said Kurz embodied “uprising, confidence, dynamism, elegance and determination”, while Angela Merkel stood for “stagnation”. He was “sovereign, also sympathetic towards critics, and a master of the German language. If Kurz was German, he would be Chancellor, or right before becoming Chancellor”.

Foreign policy As foreign minister, Kurz campaigned for dismantling and discarding all nuclear weapons on the globe, clarifying: “Nuclear weapons are not only a permanent threat to all of humanity, but also a heritage of the Cold War, that must be resolutely overcome. A paradigm shift in the international nuclear disarmament efforts is overdue when considering the imminent proliferation of nuclear weapons.” In 2014, he organized an international conference regarding nuclear disarmament in Vienna.

On 25 February 2015, an amendment to the Islam law was passed in the National Council. The amendment adjusted the law of 1912 and banned foreign financing of Islamic associations and was especially criticised by the Muslim community. It included the right of Muslims to have pastoral care in the Armed Forces, detention centers, hospitals and nursing homes. A German translation of the Qur’an which had been demanded by Kurz was not contained in the amendment.

In June 2015, Kurz proposed to adjust the family subsidy for EU citizens working in Austria whose children live in the country of origin to the price level of their country. In addition, immigrants from other EU states should first have paid into the Austrian welfare system for a few years before they would be eligible to request financial aid in Austria. The SPÖ opposed the plans, but stated that the abuse of family subsidy needed to be better controlled. The FPÖ welcomed the proposals. The Greens accused Kurz and his party of “taking over the hate policy of the FPÖ”.

During commemorations and military parades to mark the end of World War II, Kurz visited Belarus on 5 May 2015, followed by a visit to Moscow where he met Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov. He described the annexation of the Crimea and the support of the Eastern Ukrainian separatists as “contrary to international law”. A softening of EU sanctions would not be possible without prior local improvements of the situation and without the implementation of the Minsk II agreement and that peace could only be achieved “with and not against Russia”. In June 2016, he stated to support the proposals previously made by then-German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier to gradually withdraw sanctions in return for steps completed by Russia regarding the Minsk agreement.

In January 2016, Kurz stated in an interview with the daily newspaper Die Welt regarding border security in Austria: “It is understandable that many politicians are afraid of ugly pictures relating to border security. However, we cannot just delegate this duty of ours to Turkey, because we don’t want to get our hands dirty. It will not go without ugly pictures”. The latter part of the quote was used by the green MEP Michel Reimon as a caption to a photo of the deceased refugee boy Aylan Kurdi and spread on Facebook. Reimon also referred to Kurz as an inhuman cynic. An ÖVP spokesman described it as “despicable that the Greens exploit the death of this little boy for party politics”, Aylan was killed at a time “where there was no border security, but a policy of false hopes”.

In February 2016, Kurz attended the Western Balkans Conference in Vienna, as representative for Austria, alongside with Interior Minister Johanna Mikl-Leitner. The conference was heavily criticized by the EU, but the resulting blockade of the Balkan route was soon officially recognized by the EU.

The recognition and assessment law presented by the Ministry of Integration was approved in July 2016. In order to facilitate the recognition of qualifications acquired abroad and the transfer of educational certificates.

In May 2016, Kurz visited Israel and met with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The trip marked 60 years of diplomatic relations between Austria and Israel. Netanyahu and Kurz signed a working holiday visa agreement as well as a memorandum of agreement on education and cultural issues.

In November 2016, Kurz expressed his thanks as a representative of the European People’s Party in a campaign appearance of the Macedonian sister-party VMRO-DPMNE for supporting the closure of the Western Balkans route, which was later criticized as an indirect campaigning aid. With regard to the refugee crisis, the Ministry of Integration introduced values and orientation courses in all states.

In March 2017, Kurz criticized rescue actions by aid organizations as “NGO insanity”, as these would result in more refugees dying in the Mediterranean Sea rather than less. Kurz repeatedly demanded that refugees rescued in the Mediterranean Sea should no longer be taken to mainland Italy, but returned to refugee centers outside of Europe, in accordance with the Australian refugee model. His purposes were supported by the EU border agency Frontex, but opposed by aid organizations.

In March 2017, the Integration Act was passed in the Council of Ministers and subsequently enacted by the National Council in May 2017. It contains the right to attend German-language courses, obliges participation in language and value courses and prohibits the distribution of expenditures of the Quran in public spaces by Salafists. A ban on full obfuscation in public spaces was regulated in the Anti-Face Veiling Act. The Integration Act was supplemented by an integration-year law in accordance with the cabinet’s draft. The obligatory charitable work of beneficiaries of subsidiary protection, persons entitled to asylum and asylum seekers with good chances of recognition was regulated in the Integration Year Law and is referred to as “work training that is in the interest of the common good”. The charitable work can take up to twelve months and is carried out by community service organizations. Participants of the integration year also receive an “integration card” that serves as a kind of certificate.

In May 2017, the integration ambassador criticized Kurz’s policy. According to a survey conducted by the immigrant magazine Bum Media, two thirds of the ambassadors for integration do not agree with the policy or individual aspects of the policy (especially the ban on full-face veils in the public). The same medium stated that of the 350 Integration ambassadors cited by the Foreign Ministry, only 68 were on the website.

As Austrian Foreign Minister, Kurz assumed the chairmanship of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in January 2017 for one year. In the first days of his new role he visited the disputed eastern Ukraine. With regard to EU sanctions against Russia, he proposed an “act-on-act system”. A gradual lifting of sanctions in exchange for progress in the Ukraine conflict could trigger a “positive momentum”. While the OSCE considered it to be a success that the OSCE observation mission in eastern Ukraine could be extended, there was also criticism on the agenda-setting of his incumbency, which according to Christian Nünlist, was partly based on his personal domestic political interests for Austria. As OSCE Chairperson, Kurz invited to an OSCE Summit in Mauerbach on 11 July 2017.

On 18 December 2017, he handed over the Foreign Ministry to the Freedom Party nominee Karin Kneissl.

On 1 July 2017, Kurz was officially elected chairman of the ÖVP by the Bundesparteitag (federal party conference) with 98.7% of the delegates vote and thereby almost achieved as much as his predecessor Reinhold Mitterlehner, who received 99.1% of the vote.

In the 2017 legislative election, the Austrian People’s Party competed under the alias Sebastian Kurz list – the new People’s Party, but retained the abbreviation ÖVP. Besides Kurz other nominees on the federal list (Bundesliste) were Elisabeth Köstinger, Josef Moser, Gaby Schwarz, Efgani Dönmez, Maria Großbauer, Rudolf Taschner, Tanja Graf, Karl Mahrer and Kira Grünberg. The first part of the election program, titled “New Justice & Responsibility” (Neue Gerechtigkeit & Verantwortung), was presented on 4 September 2017 and it promised tax cuts, advocated against assets and inheritance taxes and for a reduction of the minimum income obtained by people without Austrian citizenship. Already in June 2017, Kurz had announced that he would aim for a tax relief in the amount of 12 to 14 billion euros annually, counterbalanced by savings in the bureaucracy and “misguided social services”, which would in particular affect child and family subsidy as well as the minimum income received by foreigners.

On 27 September 2017, Kurz presented the third part of the election program; “Order and Security”. Anyone arriving illegally shall be returned to their country of origin. If someones requires protection, they shall be harboured in a Protection Center within a third-party country. It also asked for an improved Punktesystem (scoring system) for legal immigrants. With regards to government reforms, it wished a more clearly defined separation of responsibilities between the federal government and the state and municipality governments. It also called for structural reforms within the EU, the implementation of the security compact and tougher punishments for violence against women and incitements.

On 15 October 2017, Kurz and his party emerged as victorious from the 2017 legislative election, receiving 1,595,526 votes (31.5%) in the popular vote and thus gaining 15 additional seats, and thereby a plurality, in the National Council. As the leader of the party with the most seats after the election, Kurz was charged with the formation of a new cabinet by President Alexander Van der Bellen. Since he did not obtain an absolute majority in parliament, Kurz decided to look out for a coalition partner to ensure one. The search turned out rather quick and the People’s Party entered negotiations with the far-right Freedom Party on 25 October. Negotiations concluded successfully on 15 December and the incoming coalition presented its ministers list to the President. Van der Bellen assented and the Kurz cabinet was sworn in on 18 December 2017.

The magazine Cicero regarded Kurz as a “charismatic figure” in contrast to the “often naïve, all multi-cultural basically positive-looking German elites who enjoy the grace of late birth”. Eric Frey, writing in the Austrian newspaper Der Standard, wrote, with regards to the National Council election in 2017, that the “distrust” of the newspaper’s editorial staff towards Sebastian Kurz would weigh heavy. This was because Kurz led a “foreigner election campaign”, reducing problems to the topic of immigration, and would play the “strict law guardian”. However, Frey also saw some grounds for tendencies supporting Kurz, saying that he was an “effective answer” to populists like “Haider, Strache and Co”. Kurz would elaborate the majority opinion that immigration would have to be more strictly regulated, “without hounding and polemics”. Kurz was a “natural talent in decision-making” with “high social and analytical capabilities”. According to Frey, the crucial question was whether Kurz was liberal and democracy-minded or was a “wannabe Orbán”. This question would currently be “unanswerable”. A hypothetical Chancellor Kurz would “split the country like no other head of government before”. In addition, parallels were drawn with Haider, until then the most successful federal leader of the right-wing populist FPÖ. The Rheinische Post wrote: “If we look directly at his supporters, Kurz strongly resembles Jörg Haider, the legendary right-wing populist, who about 30 years ago set out to destroy the eternal red-black proportional system – and ultimately failed. What changes Kurz strives for, was not clarified during his election campaign. The only thing truly clear, is that he wants to become Austria’s youngest Chancellor. Therefore even calling for the installation of a Richtlinienkompetenz after the German example, in which ministers would be subordinated to the Chancellor”.

Same-sex marriage A decision of the Constitutional Court on 4 December 2017 abolished most of the Registered Partnership Law and legalized same-sex marriage in Austria, effective 1 January 2019.

In November 2018, the Kurz cabinet completed drafting major changes to the basic income, unemployment insurance and the emergency aid. While the basic income was initially denoted “minimum grant” (Mindestsicherung), it will be renamed “social aid” (Sozialhilfe). The new statute resulting from the changes, will supersede the “federation-states-agreement on minimum standards of social services” (which expired in 2016) and federalize the basic income through a framework law – which will allow for states to keep their autonomy in making decisions on the basic income, but only within that by the law explicitly defined framework.

12 hour work day In July 2018, the Kurz cabinet passed an amendment to the working time law (Arbeitszeitgesetz) in the National Council, which has commonly been referred to as the “12 hour work day” (12-Stunden-Arbeitstag). Cabinet skipped the common assessment process (Begutachtungsprozess) for the amendment. The average work time in Austria was eight hours per day, the amendment extended the maximum work time of ten hours per day to twelve hours, and the fifty hours work time per week to sixty hours. Chancellor Kurz and his cabinet commented the changes with “legally allowing employees to work more a day on a voluntary basis. In theory, employees could legally decline an employer’s request to work longer.

Compulsory German language classes On 16 May 2018, the Kurz cabinet enacted compulsory German language classes in the National Council.

Family subsidy for European foreigners In October 2018, the Kurz cabinet amended the family subsidy for European foreigners through legislation, the changes will be in effect as of 1 January 2019. The amendment affects foreign citizens of the European Union which work within Austria but whose children reside outside of Austria. The changes adjust family subsidy obtained by these children to the local price level of their country of residence. The amendment especially pertains workers of the social and civil sector, such as nurses.

Monitoring compact In April 2018, the coalition enacted the “monitoring compact”, officially titled “security compact”. The People’s Party already attempted to pass such a law in the previous legislative period, but failed since their bill presented before the National Council was rejected by all other parties, including their current and former coalition partner.

Fusion of social insurances On 13 December 2018 the Kurz cabinet enacted an amendment to the social insurance law. The amendment was intended to reform the organisation and structure of Austria’s social insurance system, mainly through fusion and with discharging “redundant functionaries” as well as modernizing workplaces. The cabinet stated that “centralizing the social insurance system will improve services for the insured”.

Global Compact for Migration On 31 October 2018 the chancellor stated that Austria would not sign the Global Compact for Migration, because it would reduce Austria’s sovereignty and mix up the difference between illegal and legal immigration as well as that between economic and humanitarian immigration.

Political Islam and parallel societies Following the burqua ban, which was already supported by Kurz and introduced under the previous cabinet, the Ministers’ Council also voted on 21 November 2018 for a headscarf ban in kindergartens. It is further planned to expand this ban on elementary school pupils.

Fusion of social insurances On 13 December 2018 the Kurz cabinet enacted an amendment to the social insurance law. The amendment was intended to reform the organisation and structure of Austria’s social insurance system, mainly through fusion and with discharging “redundant functionaries” as well as modernizing workplaces. The cabinet stated that “centralizing the social insurance system will improve services for the insured”.

Overturn of the smoking ban In March 2018, the Kurz cabinet overthrew the smoking ban enacted by its predecessor, the Kern cabinet. The termination of the smoking ban was a strong and long-standing desire of the Freedom Party, it therefore enshrined its wish in the coalition agreement (Koalitionsabkommen) and the cabinet program (Regierungsprogramm). The overturn of the smoking ban was an extraordinarily controversial act, not only was it opposed by all opposition parties and many experts, but even by the senior coalition partner, the People’s Party. However, the People’s Party ultimately agreed to the overturn, due to it being a coalition compromise.

In June 2018, a commentary of Edward Lucas published by the Financial Times drew parallels with the current political development of Europe and the United States with the situation in the 1930s. Kurz was said to be easily comparable with the Republican U.S. President Donald Trump and the right-wing Italian Interior Minister Matteo Salvini, and Lucas referred to him as the “right-wing Chancellor”. Following the commentary’s publication, the Embassy of Austria in Washington contacted the author and demanded alteration, since they did not consider the article appropriate; the author changed the paragraphs in question. In December 2018, the word Schweigekanzler (silent Chancellor) became Austria’s word of the year for the second time. The jury chose the word because “Kurz avoids reacting to topics which are unpleasant for him, he also avoids commenting on actions and statements by members of the FPÖ, where the general public expects a clarification from the Chancellor”.

Spiegel Online ranked Kurz first in its ranking “Who will be important abroad in 2019?” (Wer wird 2019 im Ausland wichtig?). Seen internationally, it said the ÖVP politician had attracted considerable attention since he was “only 32 years old and rules with right-wing populists”. Furthermore, the magazine said that “his right-wing populist coalition partner, the FPÖ, has pushed the boundaries of the word. In future, the tone against foreigners, refugees and migrants is likely to intensify further, because Kurz lets his coalition partner say bad things, but remains silent himself. Meanwhile, his popularity remains high”. In addition, the announcement at the end of December 2018 of a digital tax as part of tax reforms caused a furore in the international media. In 2018, Kurz was elected Sprachwahrer (wordkeeper) of the year by readers of the newspaper Deutsche Sprachwelt, and the word Schweigekanzler became the Austrian word of the year.

In December 2018, Kurz announced a nationwide digital tax to partly fund a major upcoming tax reform. The digital tax topic has previously been discussed on European level but no agreement came about.

On 4 July Chancellor Kurz and his cabinet enacted the “Family Bonus Plus” (Familienbonus Plus). Beginning on 1 January 2019, the bonus will allow for a specific amount to be annually deducted of parents income taxes; maximum €1,500 per child underage (which is €125 per month) and €500 per child over 18 years of age. The bonus only affects parents whose children derive child subsidy (Kinderbeihilfe) from government. The maximum relief amount can be claimed when at least one parent earns a minimum of €1,350 net per month. The minimum relief amount is €250 and can be claimed by every employed single parent, regardless of their monthly income – unemployed parents will receive no bonus.

The changes passed the Council of Ministers in March 2019 and were subsequently enacted by the National Council. The federal-level framework law is in effect since April 2019, states now have time to implement the law until June 2021.

On 19 March 2019, the Kurz cabinet presented the mobile application “Digital Office” for Android and IOS as well as the website “oesterreich.gv.at” – both platforms combine and centralize existing online services of government that allow for citizens to interact with authorities through the internet. While both are generally the same, the mobile app was labeled “more comfortable” by cabinet. The concept for both platform was drafted by Margarete Schramböck, Minister of Digital Affairs, and subsequently developed by her ministry. Digitalizing government services and bureaucracy has been an election promise of Kurz. The services data.gv.at and help.gv.at were merged into the new platforms, although data.gv.at is intended to additional remain as an independent website.

The project will officially begin in April 2019 with the initiation of a parliamentary transitional committee overseeing the fusion. The committee will be abolished at the end of 2019 and starting 2020 the new organisation and structure will be in full effect.

In March 2019, cabinet announced that it aims to create a new institution, which should from 2020 monitor and document activities regarding political Islam in the country. Citing studies which show that a significant amount of Austrian Muslims hold anti-western and antisemitic views, Kurz said that it would be necessary to monitor mosques, clubs, ideology and social media contributions in context with fundamental Islam in order to protect the liberal, democratic and secular society. The organisation should get a similar role on Islamic extremism as the Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance (DÖW) has on right wing extremism, according to the cabinet. Leading figures form the DÖW have principally welcomed the government’s plan and confirmed that there is a need to take a closer look at the dangers of political Islam.

The project will officially begin in April 2019 with the initiation of a parliamentary transitional committee overseeing the fusion. The committee will be abolished at the end of 2019 and starting 2020 the new organisation and structure will be in full effect.

On 17 May 2019, a political scandal known as the Ibiza affair was made public. The scandal involved Heinz-Christian Strache, Vice Chancellor and Freedom Party chairman, and Johann Gudenus, a Freedom Party deputy chair, asking for highly controversial electoral support from the mysterious woman who claimed to be the niece of Russian oligarch Igor Makarov. The scandal led to widespread political consequences, triggered the end of the ÖVP-FPÖ coalition and ultimately resulted in the dismissal of Chancellor Kurz.

In September 2019, the People’s Party won the 2019 legislative election in a landslide, receiving 1,789,417 votes and 37.5% of the total valid votes cast, enough for a wide plurality in the National Council. Consequently, Kurz picked up an additional nine seats in parliament. It is the second consecutive election that the People’s Party emerged as the clear winner.

As a result of the election, Kurz was again tasked with the formation of a new cabinet by President Alexander Van der Bellen on 7 October. Throughout October, Kurz held several exploratory meetings with the Social Democratic Party, the Freedom Party, the NEOS, as well as the Green Party which had experienced a grand comeback in the 2019 election, after having dropped out of the National Council following the 2017 election, and excluding the JETZT party which failed to secure a minimum of 4 seats to obtain parliamentary representation. On 11 November, Kurz announced that the People’s Party would enter into coalition negotiations with the Green Party.

At the end of December it was reported that coalition negations had concluded successfully. The program for the new cabinet was introduced to the general public on 2 January 2020. The executive board of the People’s Party approved the coalition agreement the next day, the Green Party federal congress followed on 4 January.

Kurz was sworn in as Chancellor by President Van der Bellen on 7 January 2020 at eleven o’clock ante meridiem CET, after having taken the oath of office (Amtseid) during the inauguration ceremony (Angelobung) and after having countersigned the swearing-in certificate (Bestallungsurkunde).